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Seismic Design, Eccentricity
Offset between center of mass and center of resistance causes eccentricity which causes torsion under seismic load. The plans at left identify concentric and eccentric conditions:1 X-direction...
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ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES - GLOBAL MOMENT AND SHEAR
Global moments help to analyze not only a beam but also truss, cable or arch. They all resist global moments by a couple F times lever arm d:The force F is expressed as T (tension) and C (compression)...
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Portal Method For Rough Moment Frame Design
The Portal Method for rough moment frame design is based on these assumptions:• Lateral forces resisted by frame action• Inflection points at mid-height of columns• Inflection points at mid-span of...
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Structures: Bending, Effect of Overhang
Bending moments can be greatly reduced, using the effect of overhangs. This can be describe on the example of a beam but applies also to other bending members of horizontal, span subject to gravity...
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BEAM OPTIMIZATION
Optimizing long-span girders can save scares resources. The following are a few conceptual options to optimize girders. Optimization for a real project requires careful evaluation of alternate...
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Gerber Beam
The Gerber beam is named after its inventor, Gerber, a German engineering professor at Munich. The Gerber beam has hinges at inflection points to reduce bending moments, takes advantage of continuity,...
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Joist, Beam, Girder
Joists, beams, and girders can be arranged in three different configurations: joists supported by columns or walls1; joists supported by beams that are supported by columns2; and joists supported by...
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Vierendeels Configurations
Vierendeels may have various configurations, including one-way and two-way spans. One-way girders may be simply supported or continuous over more than two supports. They may be planar or prismatic with...
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Structures: Folded Plate
The effect of folding on folded plates can be visualized with a sheet of paper. A flat paper deforms even under its own weight. Folding the paper adds strength and stiffness; yet under heavy load the...
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Combined Rectangular Footing.
Fig. 3.14 shows a combined rectangular footing for two columns A and B carrying loadsFIG. 3.14 COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING.W1 and W2, and spaced l centre to centre. If W' is the weight of the footing...
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Plank floor
An alternative to the inverted T-beam is the pre-cast plank floor. These are reinforced lightweight concrete planks which sit side by side, supported as before by the internal leaf of blockwork. The...
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Dimensions of Foundation
Guidelines for minimum dimensions are given below:(a) Depth of Foundation: For all types of foundations minimum depth required is calculatedusing Rankine’s Formula:However in any case it is not less...
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CONVENTIONAL SPREAD FOOTINGS
This type of foundations are commonly used for walls and masonry columns. These foundations are built after opening the trenches to required depth. Such footings are economical up to a maximum depth of...
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R.C.C. FOOTINGS
There are mainly two types of R.C.C. footings:1. One way reinforced footings.2. Two way reinforced footings.1. One Way Reinforced Footing: These footings are for the walls. In these footings main...
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Environmentally Responsible Daylighting Design
Daylight, part of the nonenergized system, is an important component of environmentally responsible lighting design. Architectural daylighting design decisions can help or hinder the potential for...
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Environmentally Responsible Electric Lighting Design
A systems approach to electric lighting is needed to achieve maximum energy - effective and energy - efficient design. This is the energized system that includes luminaires and controls. Luminaire is...
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Lighting Controls in the Environmentally Responsible Design
Lighting controls provide one of the easiest ways to increase the energy efficiency of the lighting system. Conservation of energy through the use of controls occurs by integrating daylighting with...
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Environmentally Lighting Design Strategies
Several approaches to energy - effective and energy - efficient lighting have been proposed by noted lighting experts. Nancy Clanton suggests six aspects of lighting to focus on to achieve a low -...
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The Role of Green Buildings Related to Energy and Water
There is no single solution to the critical supplies of energy and water and the environmental threats created by their overuse. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue a wide variety of options to reduce...
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Is The Future of Construction Modular?
Prefabrication of parts and off-site construction of modules has been a practice for more than 10 years. However, in the last couple of years, we’ve seen changes in the construction industry move more...
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Building Innovations
According to industry experts, matters of energy efficiency, innovative building technologies and evolving design trends are the key factors shaping our homes as we enter 2020. Prefab construction is a...
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ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING
The following are the basic elements of a building:FoundationPlinthWalls and columnsSills, lintels and chejjasDoors and windowsFloorsRoofsSteps, stairs and liftsFinishing workBuilding services.The...
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Concrete Mix Designs
For work requiring more than one cubic yard of material, concrete is usually ordered from a ready-mix supplier for delivery to the job site. The supplier will need to know the minimum compressive...
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LEED FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
LEED is a rating system developed by the United States Green Building Council. The rating system outlines important sustainable design features that residential buildings should incorporate, and...
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Cement Hydration and Concrete Curing
Cement Hydration and Concrete Curing Concrete curing is not simply a matter of the concrete hardening as it dries out. In fact, it is just the opposite. Portland cement is a hydraulic material. That...
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