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DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS
Protected membranes are used for swimming pool decks over occupied areas, rooftop pedestrian decks, helicopter landing pads, parking garage floors over enclosed spaces, balconies, and walkways....
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DETAILING SANDWICH MEMBRANES
Expansion or control joints should be installed in both the structural slab portion and the protection layer. Providing for expansion only at the structural portion does not allow for thermal or...
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Structural design for: Strength, Stiffness, Stability, Synergy
Structures must be designed to satisfy three Ss and should satisfy all four Ss of structural design – as demonstrated on the following examples, illustrated at left. 1 Strength to prevent breaking 2...
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Rupture Length (material properties, i.e., structural efficiency)
Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of constant cross section area can be suspended without rupture under its weight in tension (compression for concrete & masonry). Rapture length defines...
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HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES
Horizontal systems come in two types: one way and two way. Two way systems are only efficient for spaces with about equal span in both directions; as described below. The diagrams here show one way...
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STRUCTURES - TRUSSES
Trusses support load much like beams, but for longer spans. As the depth and thus dead weight of beams increases with span they become increasingly inefficient, requiring most capacity to support...
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FUNICULAR STRUCTURES
The funicular concept can be best described and visualized with cables or chains, suspended from two points, that adjust their form for any load in tension. But funicular structures may also be...
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VERTICAL STRUCTURES
Vertical elements Vertical elements transfer load from roof to foundation, carrying gravity and/or lateral load. Although elements may resist only gravity or only lateral load, most are designed to...
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VERTICAL SYSTEMS STRUCTURES
Vertical systems transfer the load of horizontal systems from roof to foundation, carrying gravity and/or lateral load. Although they may resist gravity or lateral load only, most resist both,...
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Shear Walls Systems
As the name implies, shear walls resist lateral load in shear. Shear walls may be of wood, concrete or masonry. In the US the most common material for low-rise apartments is light-weight wood...
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CANTILEVERS STRUCTURES
Cantilevers resist lateral load primarily in bending. They may consist of single towers or multiple towers. Single towers act much like trees and require large footings like tree roots to resist...
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MOMENT FRAMES - STRUCTURES
Moment frames resist gravity and lateral load in bending and compression. They are derived from post-and beam portals with moment resisting beam to column connections (for convenience refered to as...
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BRACED FRAMES - STRUCTURES
Braced frames resist gravity load in bending and axial compression, and lateral load in axial compression and tension by triangulation, much like trusses. The triangulation results in greater...
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SUPPORTS TYPES - STRUCTURES
For convenience, support types are described for beams, but apply to other horizontal elements, like trusses, as well. The type of support affects analysis and design, as well as performance....
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STRUCTURES - SUPPORT SYMBOLS
The diagrams show common types of support at left and related symbols at right. In addition to the pin and roller support described above, they also include fixed-end support (as used in steel and...
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STRUCTURES - BEAM REACTIONS
To find reactions for asymmetrical beams: • Draw an abstract beam diagram to illustrate computations • Use Σ M = 0 at one support to find reaction at other support • Verify results for vertical...
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STRUCTURES VECTOR ANALYSIS
First used by Leonardo da Vinci, graphic vector analysis is a powerful method to analyze and visualize the flow of forces through a structure. However, the use of this method is restricted to...
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STRUCTURES - TRUSS ANALYSIS
Graphic truss analysis (Bow’s Notation) is a method to find bar forces using graphic vectors as in the following steps: A Draw a truss scaled as large as possible (1) and compute the reactions as for...
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TRUSS EXAMPLE
Some trusses have bars with zero force under certain loads. The example here has zero force in bars HG, LM, and PG under the given load. Under asymmetrical loads these bars would not be zero and,...
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DESIGN FUNICULAR STRUCTURES
Graphic vector are powerful means to design funicular structures, like arches and suspension roofs; providing both form and forces under uniform and random loads. Arch Assume: 1 Arch structure 2...
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